A Virtual Private Network (VPN) allows you to traverse untrusted networks as if you were on a private network. It gives you the freedom to access the internet safely and securely from your smartphone or laptop when connected to an untrusted network, like the WiFi at a hotel or coffee shop.
When combined with HTTPS connections, this setup allows you to secure your wireless logins and transactions. You can circumvent geographical restrictions and censorship, and shield your location and any unencrypted HTTP traffic from untrusted networks.
OpenVPN is a full featured, open-source Transport Layer Security (TLS) VPN solution that accommodates a wide range of configurations. In this tutorial, you will set up OpenVPN on an Ubuntu 22.04 server, and then configure it to be accessible from a client machine.
Note: If you plan to set up an OpenVPN Server on a DigitalOcean Droplet, be aware that we, like many hosting providers, charge for bandwidth overages. For this reason, please be mindful of how much traffic your server is handling.
See this page for more info.
To follow this tutorial, you will need:
Note: While it is technically possible to use your OpenVPN Server or your local machine as your CA, this is not recommended as it opens up your VPN to some security vulnerabilities. Per the official OpenVPN documentation, you should place your CA on a standalone machine that’s dedicated to importing and signing certificate requests. For this reason, this guide assumes that your CA is on a separate Ubuntu 22.04 server that also has a non-root user with sudo privileges and a basic firewall enabled.
In addition to that, you’ll need a client machine which you will use to connect to your OpenVPN Server. In this guide, we’ll call this the OpenVPN Client. For the purposes of this tutorial, it’s recommended that you use your local machine as the OpenVPN client.
With these prerequisites in place, you are ready to begin setting up and configuring an OpenVPN Server on Ubuntu 22.04.
Note: Please note that if you disable password authentication while configuring these servers, you may run into difficulties when transferring files between them later on in this guide. To resolve this issue, you could re-enable password authentication on each server. Alternatively, you could generate an SSH keypair for each server, then add the OpenVPN Server’s public SSH key to the CA machine’s authorized_keys
file and vice versa. See How to Set Up SSH Keys on Ubuntu 22.04 for instructions on how to perform either of these solutions.
The first step in this tutorial is to install OpenVPN and Easy-RSA. Easy-RSA is a public key infrastructure (PKI) management tool that you will use on the OpenVPN Server to generate a certificate request that you will then verify and sign on the CA Server.
To start off, update your OpenVPN Server’s package index and install OpenVPN and Easy-RSA. Both packages are available in Ubuntu’s default repositories, so you can use apt
for the installation:
- sudo apt update
- sudo apt install openvpn easy-rsa
Next you will need to create a new directory on the OpenVPN Server as your non-root user called ~/easy-rsa
:
- mkdir ~/easy-rsa
Now you will need to create a symlink from the easyrsa
script that the package installed into the ~/easy-rsa
directory that you just created:
- ln -s /usr/share/easy-rsa/* ~/easy-rsa/
Note: While other guides might instruct you to copy the easy-rsa
package files into your PKI directory, this tutorial adopts a symlink approach. As a result, any updates to the easy-rsa
package will be automatically reflected in your PKI’s scripts.
Finally, ensure the directory’s owner is your non-root sudo user and restrict access to that user using chmod
:
- sudo chown sammy ~/easy-rsa
- chmod 700 ~/easy-rsa
Once these programs are installed and have been moved to the right locations on your system, the next step is to create a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) on the OpenVPN server so that you can request and manage TLS certificates for clients and other servers that will connect to your VPN.
Before you can create your OpenVPN server’s private key and certificate, you need to create a local Public Key Infrastructure directory on your OpenVPN server. You will use this directory to manage the server and clients’ certificate requests instead of making them directly on your CA server.
To build a PKI directory on your OpenVPN server, you’ll need to populate a file called vars
with some default values. First you will cd
into the easy-rsa
directory, then you will create and edit the vars
file using nano or your preferred text editor.
- cd ~/easy-rsa
- nano vars
Once the file is opened, paste in the following two lines:
set_var EASYRSA_ALGO "ec"
set_var EASYRSA_DIGEST "sha512"
These are the only two lines that you need in this vars
file on your OpenVPN server since it will not be used as a Certificate Authority. They will ensure that your private keys and certificate requests are configured to use modern Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to generate keys and secure signatures for your clients and OpenVPN server.
Configuring your OpenVPN & CA servers to use ECC means when a client and server attempt to establish a shared symmetric key, they can use Elliptic Curve algorithms to do their exchange. Using ECC for a key exchange is significantly faster than using plain Diffie-Hellman with the classic RSA algorithm since the numbers are much smaller and the computations are faster.
Background: When clients connect to OpenVPN, they use asymmetric encryption (also known as public/private key) to perform a TLS handshake. However, when transmitting encrypted VPN traffic, the server and clients use symmetric encryption, which is also known as shared key encryption.
There is much less computational overhead with symmetric encryption compared to asymmetric: the numbers that are used are much smaller, and modern CPUs integrate instructions to perform optimized symmetric encryption operations. To make the switch from asymmetric to symmetric encryption, the OpenVPN server and client will use the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) algorithm to agree on a shared secret key as quickly as possible.
Once you have populated the vars
file you can proceed with creating the PKI directory. To do so, run the easyrsa
script with the init-pki
option. Although you already ran this command on the CA server as part of the prerequisites, it’s necessary to run it here because your OpenVPN server and CA server have separate PKI directories:
- ./easyrsa init-pki
Note that on your OpenVPN server there is no need to create a Certificate Authority. Your CA server is solely responsible for validating and signing certificates. The PKI on your VPN server is only used as a convenient and centralized place to store certificate requests and public certificates.
After you’ve initialized your PKI on the OpenVPN server, you are ready to move on to the next step, which is creating an OpenVPN server certificate request and private key.
Now that your OpenVPN server has all the prerequisites installed, the next step is to generate a private key and Certificate Signing Request (CSR) on your OpenVPN server. After that you’ll transfer the request over to your CA to be signed, creating the required certificate. Once you have a signed certificate, you’ll transfer it back to the OpenVPN server and install it for the server to use.
To start, navigate to the ~/easy-rsa
directory on your OpenVPN Server as your non-root user:
- cd ~/easy-rsa
Now you’ll call the easyrsa
with the gen-req
option followed by a Common Name (CN) for the machine. The CN can be anything you like but it can be helpful to make it something descriptive. Throughout this tutorial, the OpenVPN Server’s CN will be server
. Be sure to include the nopass
option as well. Failing to do so will password-protect the request file which could lead to permissions issues later on.
Note: If you choose a name other than server
here, you will have to adjust some of the instructions below. For instance, when copying the generated files to the /etc/openvpn
directory, you will have to substitute the correct names. You will also have to modify the /etc/openvpn/server.conf
file later to point to the correct .crt
and .key
files.
- ./easyrsa gen-req server nopass
OutputCommon Name (eg: your user, host, or server name) [server]:
Keypair and certificate request completed. Your files are:
req: /home/sammy/easy-rsa/pki/reqs/server.req
key: /home/sammy/easy-rsa/pki/private/server.key
This will create a private key for the server and a certificate request file called server.req
. Copy the server key to the /etc/openvpn/server
directory:
- sudo cp /home/sammy/easy-rsa/pki/private/server.key /etc/openvpn/server/
After completing these steps, you have successfully created a private key for your OpenVPN server. You have also generated a Certificate Signing Request for the OpenVPN server. The CSR is now ready for signing by your CA. In the next section of this tutorial you will learn how to sign a CSR with your CA server’s private key.
In the previous step you created a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) and private key for the OpenVPN server. Now the CA server needs to know about the server
certificate and validate it. Once the CA validates and relays the certificate back to the OpenVPN server, clients that trust your CA will be able to trust the OpenVPN server as well.
On the OpenVPN server, as your non-root user, use SCP or another transfer method to copy the server.req
certificate request to the CA server for signing:
- scp /home/sammy/easy-rsa/pki/reqs/server.req sammy@your_ca_server_ip:/tmp
If you followed the prerequisite How To Set Up and Configure a Certificate Authority (CA) on Ubuntu 22.04 tutorial, the next step is to log in to the CA server as the non-root user that you created to manage your CA. You’ll cd
to the ~/easy-rsa
directory where you created your PK and then import the certificate request using the easyrsa
script:
- cd ~/easy-rsa
- ./easyrsa import-req /tmp/server.req server
Output. . .
The request has been successfully imported with a short name of: server
You may now use this name to perform signing operations on this request.
Next, sign the request by running the easyrsa
script with the sign-req
option, followed by the request type and the Common Name. The request type can either be client
or server
. Since you’re working with the OpenVPN server’s certificate request, be sure to use the server
request type:
- ./easyrsa sign-req server server
In the output, you’ll be prompted to verify that the request comes from a trusted source. Type yes
then press ENTER
to confirm:
OutputYou are about to sign the following certificate.
Please check over the details shown below for accuracy. Note that this request
has not been cryptographically verified. Please be sure it came from a trusted
source or that you have verified the request checksum with the sender.
Request subject, to be signed as a server certificate for 3650 days:
subject=
commonName = server
Type the word 'yes' to continue, or any other input to abort.
Confirm request details: yes
. . .
Certificate created at: /home/sammy/easy-rsa/pki/issued/server.crt
Note that if you encrypted your CA private key, you’ll be prompted for your password at this point.
With those steps complete, you have signed the OpenVPN server’s certificate request using the CA server’s private key. The resulting server.crt
file contains the OpenVPN server’s public encryption key, as well as a signature from the CA server. The point of the signature is to tell anyone who trusts the CA server that they can also trust the OpenVPN server when they connect to it.
To finish configuring the certificates, copy the server.crt
and ca.crt
files from the CA server to the OpenVPN server:
- scp pki/issued/server.crt sammy@your_vpn_server_ip:/tmp
- scp pki/ca.crt sammy@your_vpn_server_ip:/tmp
Now back on your OpenVPN server, copy the files from /tmp
to /etc/openvpn/server
:
- sudo cp /tmp/{server.crt,ca.crt} /etc/openvpn/server
Now your OpenVPN server is nearly ready to accept connections. In the next step you’ll perform some additional steps to increase the security of the server.
For an additional layer of security, add an extra shared secret key that the server and all clients will use with OpenVPN’s tls-crypt
directive. This option is used to obfuscate the TLS certificate that is used when a server and client connect to each other initially. It is also used by the OpenVPN server to perform quick checks on incoming packets: if a packet is signed using the pre-shared key, then the server processes it; if it is not signed, then the server knows it is from an untrusted source and can discard it without having to perform additional decryption work.
This option will help ensure that your OpenVPN server is able to cope with unauthenticated traffic, port scans, and Denial of Service attacks, which can tie up server resources. It also makes it harder to identify OpenVPN network traffic.
To generate the tls-crypt
pre-shared key, run the following on the OpenVPN server in the ~/easy-rsa
directory:
- cd ~/easy-rsa
- openvpn --genkey --secret ta.key
The result will be a file called ta.key
. Copy it to the /etc/openvpn/server/
directory:
- sudo cp ta.key /etc/openvpn/server
With these files in place on the OpenVPN server you are ready to create client certificates and key files for your users, which you will use to connect to the VPN.
Although you can generate a private key and certificate request on your client machine and then send it to the CA to be signed, this guide outlines a process for generating the certificate request on the OpenVPN server. The benefit of this approach is that you can create a script that will automatically generate client configuration files that contain all of the required keys and certificates. This lets you avoid having to transfer keys, certificates, and configuration files to clients and streamlines the process of joining the VPN.
You will generate a single client key and certificate pair for this guide. If you have more than one client, you can repeat this process for each one. Please note, though, that you will need to pass a unique name value to the script for every client. Throughout this tutorial, the first certificate/key pair is referred to as client1
.
Get started by creating a directory structure within your home directory to store the client certificate and key files:
- mkdir -p ~/client-configs/keys
Since you will store your clients’ certificate/key pairs and configuration files in this directory, you should lock down its permissions now as a security measure:
- chmod -R 700 ~/client-configs
Next, navigate back to the EasyRSA directory and run the easyrsa
script with the gen-req
and nopass
options, along with the common name for the client:
- cd ~/easy-rsa
- ./easyrsa gen-req client1 nopass
Press ENTER
to confirm the common name. Then, copy the client1.key
file to the ~/client-configs/keys/
directory you created earlier:
- cp pki/private/client1.key ~/client-configs/keys/
Next, transfer the client1.req
file to your CA Server using a secure method:
- scp pki/reqs/client1.req sammy@your_ca_server_ip:/tmp
Now log in to your CA Server. Then, navigate to the EasyRSA directory, and import the certificate request:
- cd ~/easy-rsa
- ./easyrsa import-req /tmp/client1.req client1
Next, sign the request the same way as you did for the server in the previous step. This time, though, be sure to specify the client
request type:
- ./easyrsa sign-req client client1
When prompted, enter yes
to confirm that you intend to sign the certificate request and that it came from a trusted source:
OutputType the word 'yes' to continue, or any other input to abort.
Confirm request details: yes
Again, if you encrypted your CA key, you’ll be prompted for your password here.
This will create a client certificate file named client1.crt
. Transfer this file back to the server:
- scp pki/issued/client1.crt sammy@your_server_ip:/tmp
Back on your OpenVPN server, copy the client certificate to the ~/client-configs/keys/
directory:
- cp /tmp/client1.crt ~/client-configs/keys/
Next, copy the ca.crt
and ta.key
files to the ~/client-configs/keys/
directory as well, and set the appropriate permissions for your sudo user:
- cp ~/easy-rsa/ta.key ~/client-configs/keys/
- sudo cp /etc/openvpn/server/ca.crt ~/client-configs/keys/
- sudo chown sammy.sammy ~/client-configs/keys/*
With that, your server and client’s certificates and keys have all been generated and are stored in the appropriate directories on your OpenVPN server. There are still a few actions that need to be performed with these files, but those will come in a later step. For now, you can move on to configuring OpenVPN.
Like many other widely used open-source tools, OpenVPN has numerous configuration options available to customize your server for your specific needs. In this section, we will provide instructions on how to set up an OpenVPN server configuration based on one of the sample configuration files that is included within this software’s documentation.
First, copy the sample server.conf
file as a starting point for your own configuration file:
- sudo cp /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/server.conf /etc/openvpn/server/
Open the new file for editing with nano
or the text editor of your choice:
- sudo nano /etc/openvpn/server/server.conf
You’ll need to change a few lines in this file. First, find the HMAC
section of the configuration by searching for the tls-auth
directive. This line will be enabled by default. Comment it out by adding a ;
to the beginning of the line. Then add a new line after it containing the value tls-crypt ta.key
only:
;tls-auth ta.key 0 # This file is secret
tls-crypt ta.key
Next, find the section on cryptographic ciphers by looking for the cipher
lines. The default value is set to AES-256-CBC
, however, the AES-256-GCM
cipher offers a better level of encryption, performance, and is well supported in up-to-date OpenVPN clients. Comment out the default value by adding a ;
sign to the beginning of this line, and then add another line after it containing the updated value of AES-256-GCM
:
;cipher AES-256-CBC
cipher AES-256-GCM
Right after this line, add an auth
directive to select the HMAC message digest algorithm. For this, SHA256
is a good choice:
auth SHA256
Next, find the line containing a dh
directive, which defines Diffie-Hellman parameters. Since you configured all the certificates to use Elliptic Curve Cryptography, there is no need for a Diffie-Hellman seed file. Comment out the existing line that looks like dh dh2048.pem
or dh dh.pem
. The filename for the Diffie-Hellman key may be different than what is listed in the example server configuration file. Then add a line after it with the contents dh none
:
;dh dh2048.pem
dh none
Next, OpenVPN should run with no privileges once it has started, so you’ll need to tell it to run with a user nobody and group nogroup. To enable this, find and uncomment the user nobody
and group nogroup
lines by removing the ;
sign from the beginning of each line:
user nobody
group nogroup
The settings above will create the VPN connection between your client and server, but will not force any connections to use the tunnel. If you wish to use the VPN to route all of your client traffic over the VPN, you will likely want to push some extra settings to the client computers.
To get started, find and uncomment the line containing push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"
. Doing this will tell your client to redirect all of its traffic through your OpenVPN Server. Be aware that enabling this functionality can cause connectivity issues with other network services, like SSH:
push "redirect-gateway def1 bypass-dhcp"
Just below this line, find the dhcp-option
section. Again, remove the ;
from the beginning of both of the lines to uncomment them:
push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.222.222"
push "dhcp-option DNS 208.67.220.220"
These lines will tell your client to use the free OpenDNS resolvers at the listed IP addresses. If you prefer other DNS resolvers you can substitute them in place of the highlighted IPs.
This will assist clients in reconfiguring their DNS settings to use the VPN tunnel as the default gateway.
By default, the OpenVPN server uses port 1194
and the UDP protocol to accept client connections. If you need to use a different port because of restrictive network environments that your clients might be in, you can change the port
option. If you are not hosting web content on your OpenVPN server, port 443
is a popular choice since it is usually allowed through firewall rules.
To change OpenVPN to listen on port 443, open the server.conf
file and find the line that looks like this:
port 1194
Edit it so that the port is 443:
# Optional!
port 443
Oftentimes, the protocol is restricted to that port as well. If so, find the proto
line below the port
line and change the protocol from udp
to tcp
:
# Optional!
proto tcp
If you do switch the protocol to TCP, you will need to change the explicit-exit-notify
directive’s value from 1
to 0
, as this directive is only used by UDP. Failing to do so while using TCP will cause errors when you start the OpenVPN service.
Find the explicit-exit-notify
line at the end of the file and change the value to 0
:
# Optional!
explicit-exit-notify 0
If you have no need to use a different port and protocol, it is best to leave these settings unchanged.
If you selected a different name during the ./easyrsa gen-req server
command earlier, modify the cert
and key
lines in the server.conf
configuration file so that they point to the appropriate .crt
and .key
files. If you used the default name, server
, this is already set correctly:
cert server.crt
key server.key
When you are finished, save and close the file.
You have now finished configuring your OpenVPN general settings. In the next step, you’ll customize the server’s networking options.
There are some aspects of the server’s networking configuration that need to be tweaked so that OpenVPN can correctly route traffic through the VPN. The first of these is IP forwarding, a method for determining where IP traffic should be routed. This is essential to the VPN functionality that your server will provide.
To adjust your OpenVPN server’s default IP forwarding setting, open the /etc/sysctl.conf
file using nano
or your preferred editor:
- sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf
Then add the following line at the bottom of the file:
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
Save and close the file when you are finished.
To read the file and load the new values for the current session, type:
- sudo sysctl -p
Outputnet.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
Now your OpenVPN server will be able to forward incoming traffic from one ethernet device to another. This setting makes sure the server can direct traffic from clients that connect on the virtual VPN interface out over its other physical ethernet devices. This configuration will route all web traffic from your client via your server’s IP address, and your client’s public IP address will effectively be hidden.
In the next step you will need to configure some firewall rules to ensure that traffic to and from your OpenVPN server flows properly.
So far, you’ve installed OpenVPN on your server, configured it, and generated the keys and certificates needed for your client to access the VPN. However, you have not yet provided OpenVPN with any instructions on where to send incoming web traffic from clients. You can stipulate how the server should handle client traffic by establishing some firewall rules and routing configurations.
Assuming you followed the prerequisites at the start of this tutorial, you should already have ufw
installed and running on your server. To allow OpenVPN through the firewall, you’ll need to enable masquerading, an iptables concept that provides on-the-fly dynamic network address translation (NAT) to correctly route client connections.
Before opening the firewall configuration file to add the masquerading rules, you must first find the public network interface of your machine. To do this, type:
- ip route list default
Your public interface is the string found within this command’s output that follows the word “dev”. For example, this result shows the interface named eth0
, which is highlighted below:
Outputdefault via 159.65.160.1 dev eth0 proto static
When you have the interface associated with your default route, open the /etc/ufw/before.rules
file to add the relevant configuration:
- sudo nano /etc/ufw/before.rules
UFW rules are typically added using the ufw
command. Rules listed in the before.rules
file, though, are read and put into place before the conventional UFW rules are loaded. Towards the top of the file, add the highlighted lines below. This will set the default policy for the POSTROUTING
chain in the nat
table and masquerade any traffic coming from the VPN. Remember to replace eth0
in the -A POSTROUTING
line below with the interface you found in the above command:
#
# rules.before
#
# Rules that should be run before the ufw command line added rules. Custom
# rules should be added to one of these chains:
# ufw-before-input
# ufw-before-output
# ufw-before-forward
#
# START OPENVPN RULES
# NAT table rules
*nat
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [0:0]
# Allow traffic from OpenVPN client to eth0 (change to the interface you discovered!)
-A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/8 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
COMMIT
# END OPENVPN RULES
# Don't delete these required lines, otherwise there will be errors
*filter
. . .
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Next, you need to tell UFW to allow forwarded packets by default as well. To do this, open the /etc/default/ufw
file:
- sudo nano /etc/default/ufw
Inside, find the DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY
directive and change the value from DROP
to ACCEPT
:
DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="ACCEPT"
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Next, adjust the firewall itself to allow traffic to OpenVPN. If you did not change the port and protocol in the /etc/openvpn/server.conf
file, you will need to open up UDP traffic to port 1194
. If you modified the port and/or protocol, substitute the values you selected here.
In case you forgot to add the SSH port when following the prerequisite tutorial, add it here as well:
- sudo ufw allow 1194/udp
- sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
Note: If you are using a different firewall or have customized your UFW configuration, you may need to add additional firewall rules. For example, if you decide to tunnel all of your network traffic over the VPN connection, you will need to ensure that port 53
traffic is allowed for DNS requests, and ports like 80
and 443
for HTTP and HTTPS traffic respectively. If there are other protocols that you are using over the VPN then you will need to add rules for them as well.
After adding those rules, disable and re-enable UFW to restart it and load the changes from all of the files you’ve modified:
- sudo ufw disable
- sudo ufw enable
Your server is now configured to correctly handle OpenVPN traffic. With the firewall rules in place, you can start the OpenVPN service on the server.
OpenVPN runs as a systemd
service, so you can use systemctl
to manage it. You will configure OpenVPN to start up at boot so you can connect to your VPN at any time as long as your server is running. To do this, enable the OpenVPN service by adding it to systemctl
:
- sudo systemctl -f enable openvpn-server@server.service
Then start the OpenVPN service:
- sudo systemctl start openvpn-server@server.service
Double check that the OpenVPN service is active with the following command. You should see active (running)
in the output:
- sudo systemctl status openvpn-server@server.service
Output● openvpn-server@server.service - OpenVPN service for server
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/openvpn-server@.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-04-21 17:58:24 UTC; 6s ago
Docs: man:openvpn(8)
https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/Openvpn24ManPage
https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/HOWTO
Main PID: 144351 (openvpn)
Status: "Initialization Sequence Completed"
Tasks: 1 (limit: 4665)
Memory: 1.8M
CPU: 27ms
CGroup: /system.slice/system-openvpn\x2dserver.slice/openvpn-server@server.service
└─144351 /usr/sbin/openvpn --status /run/openvpn-server/status-server.log --status-version 2 --suppress-timestamps --config server.conf
. . .
You have now completed the server-side configuration for OpenVPN. Next, you will configure your client machine and connect to the OpenVPN Server.
Creating configuration files for OpenVPN clients can be somewhat involved, as every client must have its own config and each must align with the settings outlined in the server’s configuration file. Rather than writing a single configuration file that can only be used on one client, this step outlines a process for building a client configuration infrastructure which you can use to generate config files on-the-fly. You will first create a “base” configuration file then build a script which will allow you to generate unique client config files, certificates, and keys as needed.
Get started by creating a new directory where you will store client configuration files within the client-configs
directory you created earlier:
- mkdir -p ~/client-configs/files
Next, copy an example client configuration file into the client-configs
directory to use as your base configuration:
- cp /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/client.conf ~/client-configs/base.conf
Open this new file using nano
or your preferred text editor:
- nano ~/client-configs/base.conf
Inside, locate the remote
directive. This points the client to your OpenVPN server address — the public IP address of your OpenVPN server. If you decided to change the port that the OpenVPN server is listening on, you will also need to change 1194
to the port you selected:
. . .
# The hostname/IP and port of the server.
# You can have multiple remote entries
# to load balance between the servers.
remote your_server_ip 1194
. . .
Be sure that the protocol matches the value you are using in the server configuration:
proto udp
Next, uncomment the user
and group
directives by removing the ;
sign at the beginning of each line:
# Downgrade privileges after initialization (non-Windows only)
user nobody
group nogroup
Find the directives that set the ca
, cert
, and key
. Comment out these directives since you will add the certs and keys within the file itself shortly:
# SSL/TLS parms.
# See the server config file for more
# description. It's best to use
# a separate .crt/.key file pair
# for each client. A single ca
# file can be used for all clients.
;ca ca.crt
;cert client.crt
;key client.key
Similarly, comment out the tls-auth
directive, as you will add ta.key
directly into the client configuration file (and the server is set up to use tls-crypt
):
# If a tls-auth key is used on the server
# then every client must also have the key.
;tls-auth ta.key 1
Mirror the cipher
and auth
settings that you set in the /etc/openvpn/server/server.conf
file:
cipher AES-256-GCM
auth SHA256
Next, add the key-direction
directive somewhere in the file. You must set this to “1” for the VPN to function correctly on the client machine:
key-direction 1
Finally, add a few commented out lines to handle various methods that Linux based VPN clients will use for DNS resolution. You’ll add two similar, but separate sets of commented out lines. The first set is for clients that do not use systemd-resolved
to manage DNS. These clients rely on the resolvconf
utility to update DNS information for Linux clients.
; script-security 2
; up /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
; down /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
Now add another set of lines for clients that use systemd-resolved
for DNS resolution:
; script-security 2
; up /etc/openvpn/update-systemd-resolved
; down /etc/openvpn/update-systemd-resolved
; down-pre
; dhcp-option DOMAIN-ROUTE .
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Later in Step 13 - Installing the Client Configuration step of this tutorial you will learn how to determine how DNS resolution works on Linux clients and which section to uncomment.
Next, you’ll create a script that will compile your base configuration with the relevant certificate, key, and encryption files and then place the generated configuration in the ~/client-configs/files
directory. Open a new file called make_config.sh
within the ~/client-configs
directory:
- nano ~/client-configs/make_config.sh
Inside, add the following content:
#!/bin/bash
# First argument: Client identifier
KEY_DIR=~/client-configs/keys
OUTPUT_DIR=~/client-configs/files
BASE_CONFIG=~/client-configs/base.conf
cat ${BASE_CONFIG} \
<(echo -e '<ca>') \
${KEY_DIR}/ca.crt \
<(echo -e '</ca>\n<cert>') \
${KEY_DIR}/${1}.crt \
<(echo -e '</cert>\n<key>') \
${KEY_DIR}/${1}.key \
<(echo -e '</key>\n<tls-crypt>') \
${KEY_DIR}/ta.key \
<(echo -e '</tls-crypt>') \
> ${OUTPUT_DIR}/${1}.ovpn
Save and close the file when you are finished.
Before moving on, be sure to mark this file as executable by typing:
- chmod 700 ~/client-configs/make_config.sh
This script will make a copy of the base.conf
file you made, collect all the certificate and key files you’ve created for your client, extract their contents, append them to the copy of the base configuration file, and export all of this content into a new client configuration file. This means that, rather than having to manage the client’s configuration, certificate, and key files separately, all the required information is stored in one place. The benefit of using this method is that if you ever need to add a client in the future, you can run this script to quickly create a new config file and ensure that all the important information is stored in a single, easy-to-access location.
Please note that any time you add a new client, you will need to generate new keys and certificates for it before you can run this script and generate its configuration file. You will get some practice using this script in the next step.
If you followed along with the guide, you created a client certificate and key named client1.crt
and client1.key
, respectively, in Step 6. You can generate a config file for these credentials by moving into your ~/client-configs
directory and running the script you made at the end of the previous step:
- cd ~/client-configs
- ./make_config.sh client1
This will create a file named client1.ovpn
in your ~/client-configs/files
directory:
- ls ~/client-configs/files
Outputclient1.ovpn
You need to transfer this file to the device you plan to use as the client. For instance, this could be your local computer or a mobile device.
While the exact applications used to accomplish this transfer will depend on your device’s operating system and your personal preferences, a dependable and secure method is to use SFTP (SSH file transfer protocol) or SCP (Secure Copy) on the backend. This will transport your client’s VPN authentication files over an encrypted connection.
Here is an example SFTP command which you can run from your local computer (macOS or Linux). This will copy the client1.ovpn
file you created in the last step to your home directory:
- sftp sammy@openvpn_server_ip:client-configs/files/client1.ovpn ~/
Here are several tools and tutorials for securely transferring files from the OpenVPN server to a local computer:
This section covers how to install a client VPN profile on Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android. None of these client instructions are dependent on one another, so feel free to skip to whichever is applicable to your device.
The OpenVPN connection will have the same name as whatever you called the .ovpn
file. In regards to this tutorial, this means that the connection is named client1.ovpn
, aligning with the first client file you generated.
Installing
Download the OpenVPN client application for Windows from OpenVPN’s Downloads page. Choose the appropriate installer version for your version of Windows.
Note: OpenVPN needs administrative privileges to install.
After installing OpenVPN, copy the .ovpn
file to:
C:\Program Files\OpenVPN\config
When you launch OpenVPN, it will automatically locate the profile and make it available.
You must run OpenVPN as an administrator each time it’s used, even by administrative accounts. To do this without having to right-click and select Run as administrator every time you use the VPN, you must preset this from an administrative account. This also means that standard users will need to enter the administrator’s password to use OpenVPN. On the other hand, standard users can’t properly connect to the server unless the OpenVPN application on the client has admin rights, so the elevated privileges are necessary.
To set the OpenVPN application to always run as an administrator, right-click on its shortcut icon and go to Properties. At the bottom of the Compatibility tab, click the button to Change settings for all users. In the new window, check Run this program as an administrator.
Connecting
Each time you launch the OpenVPN GUI, Windows will ask if you want to allow the program to make changes to your computer. Click Yes. Launching the OpenVPN client application only puts the applet in the system tray so that you can connect and disconnect the VPN as needed; it does not actually make the VPN connection.
Once OpenVPN is started, initiate a connection by going into the system tray applet and right-clicking on the OpenVPN applet icon. This opens the context menu. Select client1 at the top of the menu (that’s your client1.ovpn
profile) and choose Connect.
A status window will open showing the log output while the connection is established, and a message will show once the client is connected.
Disconnect from the VPN the same way: Go into the system tray applet, right-click the OpenVPN applet icon, select the client profile and click Disconnect.
Installing
Tunnelblick is a free, open source OpenVPN client for macOS. You can download the latest disk image from the Tunnelblick Downloads page. Double-click the downloaded .dmg
file and follow the prompts to install.
Towards the end of the installation process, Tunnelblick will ask if you have any configuration files. Answer I have configuration files and let Tunnelblick finish. Open a Finder window and double-click client1.ovpn
. Tunnelblick will install the client profile. Administrative privileges are required.
Connecting
Launch Tunnelblick by double-clicking the Tunnelblick icon in the Applications folder. Once Tunnelblick has been launched, there will be a Tunnelblick icon in the menu bar at the top right of the screen for controlling connections. Click on the icon, and then the Connect client1 menu item to initiate the VPN connection. If you are using custom DNS settings with Tunnelblick, you may need check “Allow changes to manually-set network settings” in the advanced configuration dialog.
Installing
If you are using Linux, there are a variety of tools that you can use depending on your distribution. Your desktop environment or window manager might also include connection utilities.
The most universal way of connecting, however, is to just use the OpenVPN software.
On Ubuntu or Debian, you can install it just as you did on the server by typing:
- sudo apt update
- sudo apt install openvpn
On CentOS you can enable the EPEL repositories and then install it by typing:
- sudo dnf install epel-release
- sudo dnf install openvpn
systemd-resolved
First determine if your system is using systemd-resolved
to handle DNS resolution by checking the /etc/resolv.conf
file:
- cat /etc/resolv.conf
Output# This file is managed by man:systemd-resolved(8). Do not edit.
. . .
nameserver 127.0.0.53
options edns0
If your system is configured to use systemd-resolved
for DNS resolution, the IP address after the nameserver
option will be 127.0.0.53
. There should also be comments in the file like the output that is shown that explain how systemd-resolved
is managing the file. If you have a different IP address than 127.0.0.53
then chances are your system is not using systemd-resolved
and you can go to the next section on configuring Linux clients that have an update-resolv-conf
script instead.
To support these clients, first install the openvpn-systemd-resolved
package. It provides scripts that will force systemd-resolved
to use the VPN server for DNS resolution.
- sudo apt install openvpn-systemd-resolved
One that package is installed, configure the client to use it, and to send all DNS queries over the VPN interface. Open the client’s VPN file:
- nano client1.ovpn
Now uncomment the following lines that you added earlier:
script-security 2
up /etc/openvpn/update-systemd-resolved
down /etc/openvpn/update-systemd-resolved
down-pre
dhcp-option DOMAIN-ROUTE .
update-resolv-conf
If your system is not using systemd-resolved
to manage DNS, check to see if your distribution includes an /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
script instead:
- ls /etc/openvpn
Outputupdate-resolv-conf
If your client includes the update-resolv-conf
file, then edit the OpenVPN client configuration file that you transferred earlier:
- nano client1.ovpn
Uncomment the three lines you added to adjust the DNS settings:
script-security 2
up /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
down /etc/openvpn/update-resolv-conf
If you are using CentOS, change the group
directive from nogroup
to nobody
to match the distribution’s available groups:
group nobody
Save and close the file.
Connecting
Now, you can connect to the VPN by just pointing the openvpn
command to the client configuration file:
- sudo openvpn --config client1.ovpn
This should connect you to your VPN.
Note: If your client uses systemd-resolved
to manage DNS, check the settings are applied correctly by running the systemd-resolve --status
command like this:
- systemd-resolve --status tun0
You should see output like the following:
OutputLink 22 (tun0)
. . .
DNS Servers: 208.67.222.222
208.67.220.220
DNS Domain: ~.
If you see the IP addresses of the DNS servers that you configured on the OpenVPN server, along with the ~.
setting for DNS Domain in the output, then you have correctly configured your client to use the VPN server’s DNS resolver. You can also check that you are sending DNS queries over the VPN by using a site like DNS leak test.com.
Installing
From the iTunes App Store, search for and install OpenVPN Connect, the official iOS OpenVPN client application. To transfer your iOS client configuration onto the device, connect it directly to a computer.
The process of completing the transfer with iTunes is outlined here. Open iTunes on the computer and click on iPhone > apps. Scroll down to the bottom to the File Sharing section and click the OpenVPN app. The blank window to the right, OpenVPN Documents, is for sharing files. Drag the .ovpn
file to the OpenVPN Documents window.
Now launch the OpenVPN app on the iPhone. You will receive a notification that a new profile is ready to import. Tap the green plus sign to import it.
Connecting
OpenVPN is now ready to use with the new profile. Start the connection by sliding the Connect button to the On position. Disconnect by sliding the same button to Off.
Note: The VPN switch under Settings cannot be used to connect to the VPN. If you try, you will receive a notice to only connect using the OpenVPN app.
Installing
Open the Google Play Store. Search for and install Android OpenVPN Connect, the official Android OpenVPN client application.
You can transfer the .ovpn
profile by connecting the Android device to your computer by USB and copying the file over. Alternatively, if you have an SD card reader, you can remove the device’s SD card, copy the profile onto it and then insert the card back into the Android device.
Start the OpenVPN app and tap the FILE
menu to import the profile.
Then navigate to the location of the saved profile (the screenshot uses /storage/emulated/0/openvpn
) and select your .ovpn
file. Tap the IMPORT
button to finish importing this profile.
Connecting Once the profile is added, you will see a screen like this:
To connect, tap the toggle button close to the profile you want to use. You’ll see real time stats of your connection and traffic being routed through your OpenVPN server:
To disconnect, just tap the toggle button on the top left once again. You will be prompted to confirm that you want to disconnect from your VPN.
Note: This method for testing your VPN connection will only work if you opted to route all your traffic through the VPN in Step 7 when you edited the server.conf
file for OpenVPN.
Once everything is installed, a simple check confirms everything is working properly. Without having a VPN connection enabled, open a browser and go to DNSLeakTest.
The site will return the IP address assigned by your internet service provider and as you appear to the rest of the world. To check your DNS settings through the same website, click on Extended Test and it will tell you which DNS servers you are using.
Now connect the OpenVPN client to your Droplet’s VPN and refresh the browser. A completely different IP address (that of your VPN server) should now appear, and this is how you appear to the world. Again, DNSLeakTest’s Extended Test will check your DNS settings and confirm you are now using the DNS resolvers pushed by your VPN.
Occasionally, you may need to revoke a client certificate to prevent further access to the OpenVPN server.
To do so, follow the example in the prerequisite tutorial on How to Set Up and Configure a Certificate Authority on Ubuntu 22.04 under the Revoking a Certificate section.
Once you have revoked a certificate for a client using those instructions, you’ll need to copy the generated crl.pem
file to your OpenVPN server in the /etc/openvpn/server
directory:
- sudo cp /tmp/crl.pem /etc/openvpn/server/
Next, open the OpenVPN server configuration file:
- sudo nano /etc/openvpn/server/server.conf
At the bottom of the file, add the crl-verify
option, which will instruct the OpenVPN server to check the certificate revocation list that you created each time a connection attempt is made:
crl-verify crl.pem
Save and close the file.
Finally, restart OpenVPN to implement the certificate revocation:
- sudo systemctl restart openvpn-server@server.service
The client should no longer be able to successfully connect to the server using the old credential.
To revoke additional clients, follow this process:
./easyrsa revoke client_name
commandcrl.pem
file to your OpenVPN server and copy it to the /etc/openvpn/server/
directory to overwrite the old list.You can use this process to revoke any certificates that you’ve previously issued for your server.
You should now have a fully operational virtual private network running on your OpenVPN Server. You can browse the web and download content without worrying about malicious actors tracking your activity.
There are several steps you could take to customize your OpenVPN installation even further, such as configuring your client to connect to the VPN automatically or configuring client-specific rules and access policies. For these and other OpenVPN customizations, you should consult the official OpenVPN documentation.
To configure more clients, you only need to follow steps 6 and 11-13 for each additional device. To revoke access to clients, follow step 15.
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It would be great if you could add the same guide for Ubuntu 24 LTS using TLS Crypt v2. Thanks!
This comment has been deleted
Hi,
Thanks for the tutorial.
Just wanted to highlight that it seems the link to “Ubuntu 22.04 CA tutorial” in the step 4 is broken.
Should it be adjusted to this one?
Thanks.
Hi,
When I connect to my VPN using tunnelblick I have a DNS Leak. I don’t know why. Is there is something else I need to config in tunnelblock to avoid the DNS Leak?
I’d really appreciate it any help!
I stuck in the step 10, the vpn cannot start: openvpn-server@server.service - OpenVPN service for server Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/openvpn-server@.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: activating (auto-restart) (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2024-03-10 19:43:55 UTC; 1s ago Docs: man:openvpn(8) https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/Openvpn24ManPage https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/HOWTO Process: 15086 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/openvpn --status /run/openvpn-server/status-server.log --status-version 2 --suppress-timestamps --config server.conf (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Main PID: 15086 (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Status: “Pre-connection initialization successful” CPU: 29ms
Any idea how to fix it?
Is there anyway to install the openvpn on Mikrotik as client?
I configured everything according to the manual, but when I connect to the VPN from my Ubuntu device, a large number of sites time out, almost all.
Sites ping normally from the VPN server.
But when connecting to the VPN network from the main device, they do not ping.
What could be the problem?
Love these guilds but who the hell is “sammy”. You cannot just drop something in a directed guide.
Hey, great guide, thanks! Worked like a charm except one thing: I could not reach any computers behind the OpenVPN server (I did not want to redirect all traffic to the OpenVPN server). I had to to push a route to my home network first, then it worked:
Now I wonder whether that was simply forgotten in this guide or if I made a mistake anywhere?
Also, I noticed that my previous older OpenVPN server reports “peer certificate 384 bit EC” when the client connects to it. On the new server that used this guide it uses RSA 2048 instead. I am not sure where and what to change to have everything on elliptic curves. I edited both vars files on the OpenVPN and CA server, re-created the openvpn server certificate but it still shows: Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption RSA Public-Key: (2048 bit)
Two comments:
group nobody
togroup nogroup
in Step 7. Otherwise, starting openvpn in Step 10 will fail.